Thrace, Dacia, and Dalmatia were harried by Bulgars and Slavs (known as Sclaveni). [109], Justinian also strengthened the borders of the Empire from Africa to the East through the construction of fortifications and ensured Constantinople of its water supply through construction of underground cisterns (see Basilica Cistern). One important luxury product was silk, which was imported and then processed in the Empire. The Hagia Sophia: Byzantine Emperor Justinian built the Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Wisdom of God, the Hagia Sophia, which was completed in only four and a half years (532 CE-537 CE). Auction archive: Lot number 2239/5062 . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The first truly strong Byzantine Emperor was Justinianwho ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 CE to 565 CE. On November 14, 565 died the most influential ruler of the Byzantine Empire, Justinian I the Great who had ruled for a total of 38 years coming to power back in 527 and with him died the golden age. Justinian the Empire Restorer: The Byzantine Emperor's Life in 9 Facts Although Rome had fallen, the empire endured from Constantinople. Justinian also dispatched Belisarius to settle problems in Africa and Europe. After much arguing, the senate chose to nominate Justin; and he was crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople, John of Cappadocia, on 10 July 518.[2]. The second book, the Digesta, was drawn up between 530 and 533. Belisarius arrived and received only token resistance. Download this stock image: Infographic of the Basilica of St. Sophia of Constantinople (Istanbul), built in the VIth century on the orders of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. The total of Justinian's legislation is known today as the Corpus juris civilis. Past emperors had supported the Monophysites' position, which was in direct conflict with the Orthodox teachings of the papacy, and this strife led to the Acacian schism. For an account of Justinian's wars, see Moorhead (1994), pp. Many of the Ostrogoths had never submitted, and after the two short and unfortunate reigns of Hildebad and Eraric, they proclaimed Totila (Baduila) as their king in the autumn of 541. [73] In his efforts to renew the Roman Empire, Justinian dangerously stretched its resources while failing to take into account the changed realities of 6th-century Europe. Belisarius was sent back to Italy late in 544 but lacked sufficient troops and supplies. In these and other domestic affairs, Justinian excelled. The law under Justinian also reveals a striking interest in child neglect issues. Emperors Justin I (and later Justinian himself) rescinded these policies and reestablished the union between Constantinople and Rome. Justinian I, Latin in full Flavius Justinianus, original name Petrus Sabbatius, (born 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]died November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Byzantine emperor (527565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus; 534). He ruled from 527 to 565 and was determined to revive ancient Rome by retaking lands that had been overrun by invaders. ", "The Date, Dedication, and Design of Sts. N.S. In Italy, the mother province of the Roman Empire in which the older capital city (Rome) was situated, Justinian found a situation similar to that in North Africa and particularly favourable to his ambitions. There was increased strife with the Ostrogothic Kingdom in the Italian Peninsula. [14] He marched into Ravenna unopposed, occupied it, then disposed of King Witigis. For his uncle and adoptive father, see, Illustration of an angel showing Justinian a model of Hagia Sophia in a vision, by, Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, Architecture, learning, art and literature, The sole source for Justinian's full name are consular diptychs of the year 521 bearing his name, which is given as. The reasons for his withdrawal are not known, but it may have been instigated by rumours of his disloyalty reaching the court. It persisted until 529 AD when it was finally closed by Justinian I. [94] The Presbyter Julian[95] and the Bishop Longinus[96] conducted a mission among the Nabataeans, and Justinian attempted to strengthen Christianity in Yemen by dispatching a bishop from Egypt. Stanford University Press. In 559 a particularly dangerous invasion of Sklavinoi and Kutrigurs under their khan Zabergan threatened Constantinople, but they were repulsed by the aged general Belisarius.[71]. Under the Justinian dynasty, particularly the reign of Justinian I, the empire reached its greatest territorial extent since the fall of its Western counterpart, reincorporating North Africa, southern Illyria, southern Spain, and Italy into the empire. Justinian was born in Tauresium,[10] Dardania,[11] probably in 482. In Byzantine Matters, Averil Cameron writes that Edward Gibbon didn't know if Justinian belonged in the category of the Roman emperors who had come before or the Greek kings of the Byzantine Empire who came after him. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [75], Near the end of his life, Justinian became ever more inclined towards the Monophysite doctrine, especially in the form of Aphthartodocetism, but he died before being able to issue any legislation. [64] [24], When Emperor Anastasius died in 518, Justin was proclaimed the new emperor with significant help from Justinian. Byzantine achievements in art and architecture Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power Icons (religious images) Mosaics in public and religious structures Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church) Byzantine culture Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman . He forced Justinian I to pay him 5,000 pounds of gold, plus 500 pounds of gold more each year. What were Justinian's architectural contributions to the Byzantine Empire? However, according to Procipius in, The Secret History, Justinian destroyed the greatness and history of Rome. Justinian protested Gelimer's actions, demanding that Gelimer return the kingdom to Hilderic. [78] He made the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan creed the sole symbol of the Church[79] and accorded legal force to the canons of the four ecumenical councils. [55], In this war, the contemporary Procopius remarks that Africa was so entirely depopulated that a person might travel several days without meeting a human being, and he adds, "it is no exaggeration to say, that in the course of the war 5,000,000 perished by the sword, and famine, and pestilence. Belisarius succeeded in defeating a Gothic fleet of 200 ships. After this initial ecclesiastical overhaul, the rest of Justin's reign was relatively quiet and peaceful. Free shipping for many products! Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The professor emphasizes the geographic and economic . Northern Africa was reorganized as part of the empire and now included Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and Septem (Ceuta). [9] His reign also marked a blossoming of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) culture, and his building program yielded works such as the Hagia Sophia. . The third book, Institutiones, was compiled and published in 533, and the fourth book, Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem, was completed upon Justinians death in 565. It marked the final cessation of the Roman Empire; the . Justinian was appointed consul in 521, and later as commander of the army of the east. Belisarius feigned acceptance of the offer, entered the city in May 540, and reclaimed it for the Empire. [63], Belisarius arrived in the East in 541, but after some success, was again recalled to Constantinople in 542. Justinian's Code Corpus Juris Civilis, or Body of Civil Law, which included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman emperors. However, the condemnation was received unfavourably in the west, where it led to new (albeit temporal) schism, and failed to reach its goal in the east, as the Monophysites remained unsatisfied all the more bitter for him because during his last years he took an even greater interest in theological matters. JUSTINIAN I, BYZANTINE EMPEROR Reigned 527 to 565; legislator, theologian, restorer of the Roman Empire, b. Tauresium, probably modern Caricin Grad, 482, d. Constantinople, Nov. 14, 565. During his reign the large Sangarius Bridge was built in Bithynia, securing a major military supply route to the east. [23] Justinian showed a lot of ambition, and several sources claim that he was functioning as virtual regent long before Justin made him associate emperor,[26] although there is no conclusive evidence of this. Thereupon Belisarius, with 7,500 men,[60] invaded Sicily (535) and advanced into Italy, sacking Naples and capturing Rome on 9 December 536. Autocrat This article is about the Byzantine emperor. On April 4, 527, Justin made Justinian his co-emperor and gave him the rank of Augustus. Such an approach was supported by the Empress Theodora, who favoured the Miaphysites unreservedly. As in Africa, dynastic struggles in Ostrogothic Italy provided an opportunity for intervention. [citation needed]. Justinian had inherited a war with Persia from Justin I. Justinian continued the war, succeeding in sending a force all the way down the Euphrates, but the raid stalled, and he lost the beginnings of a new fortress in a crushing defeat. Justinian sent another general, Narses, to Italy, but tensions between Narses and Belisarius hampered the progress of the campaign. Making no headway, he was relieved of his command in 548. The four-book code was completed in stages. [citation needed], Although the despotic character of his measures is contrary to modern sensibilities, he was indeed a "nursing father" of the Church. Justinian's wars of reconquest had expanded the empire to include the former Roman provinces of Italia, Baetica, and Africa Proconsularis. [16] The financial mess weakened the empire and forced his successor, Justin II, to suspend payments to the Avars. The DIR article on Justinian says Procopius claims Justinian's aunt, Empress Euphemia, by marriage, so disapproved the marriage that Justinian waited until she died (before 524) before even starting to deal with the legal impediments to the marriage. Justinians forces ultimately held off the Persians, but they did not hold off the barbarians. 527-565 Reign of Justinian I; builds church of Hagia Sophia; codifies Roman law; reconquers North Africa, Sicily, and Italy Byzantine Empire, c. 400 Byzantium during reign of Justinian Byzantium, c. 800 Byzantium, c. 1050 Byzantium, c. 1270. Four months later, upon Justin I's death, Justinian became the sole sovereign at the mature age of 44. When Justin became emperor in 518, Justinian was a powerful influence in guiding the policy of his elderly and childless uncle, whose favourite nephew he was. By then the military situation had turned in favour of the Romans, and in 540 Belisarius reached the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna. [67] The army reached Ravenna in June 552 and defeated the Ostrogoths decisively within a month at the battle of Busta Gallorum in the Apennines, where Totila was slain. Byzantine Empire: Justinian and Theodora - From Swineherd to Emperor - Extra History - #1 Extra History 2.71M subscribers Join Subscribe 37K Share 2.9M views 7 years ago Extra History:. The Gothic garrison of Naples resisted however, and after several months siege[12] Belisarius sacked the city. During the mutiny, a civil war began between rival factions in Persia, and Maurice saw an opportunity. Other talented individuals included Tribonian, his legal adviser; Peter the Patrician, the diplomat and long-time head of the palace bureaucracy; Justinian's finance ministers John the Cappadocian and Peter Barsymes, who managed to collect taxes more efficiently than any before, thereby funding Justinian's wars; and finally, his prodigiously talented generals, Belisarius and Narses. Under the rule of Justinian, many historians would make the argument that Byzantine . [45], Justinian's habit of choosing efficient but unpopular advisers nearly cost him his throne early in his reign. Sayers. Justinian created a set of laws called the Justinian Code. Another contemporary historian, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander. The truce was broken in 540 and so Belisarius was again sent off to deal with it. [111] Within the Empire, convoys sailing from Alexandria provided Constantinople with wheat and grains. Corrections? [59] Procopius estimated 15,000,000 Goths died. While the Byzantines were distracted with the Persians, Lombard hordes under king Alboin invaded Italy and quickly conquered most of the peninsula. In J. Witte, Jr & G. Hauk (Eds. Securely download your document with other editable templates, any time, with PDFfiller. ca. Coins were widely distributed In the ancient world. Moorhead (1994), pp. [112] Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians. Justinian is a major character in the 1938 novel Count Belisarius, by Robert Graves. The Byzantine Empire had its first golden age under the Justinian dynasty, which began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I. He was known for his military conquests, expansion of the empire, codification of law, and patronage of architecture . The overstretched emperor ran out of money and could not pay the army of the East which was fighting the Persians, and they threatened to mutiny. As opposed to the rest of the corpus, the Novellae appeared in Greek, the common language of the Eastern Empire. Justinian I was born of peasant parents. alongside his wife, Theodora. Justinian himself took the field only once, during a campaign against the Huns in 559, when he was already an old man. "The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian." A history of the Byzantine state and society. [51] In 530 the Persian forces suffered a double defeat at Dara and Satala, but the next year saw the defeat of Roman forces under Belisarius near Callinicum. Before the matter was resolved, Justinian died, in 565. This made them an ideal propaganda tool for Emperors to present themselves and the message they wanted to communicate. Justin I was born in a big village, Bederiana, in the 450s CE. He raises his hands in offering as he holds a gold paten, displaying his patterned tablion, a supplemental textile bearing a repeat pattern and most likely produced on a drawloom. During this period, the Ostrogoths retook most of Italy. Sear 163. Justinian, who continued this policy, tried to impose religious unity on his subjects by forcing them to accept doctrinal compromises that might appeal to all parties, a policy that proved unsuccessful as he satisfied none of them. After the Western Roman Empire collapsed under the threat of Germanic invaders, Byzantine remained intact. On the western Roman Empire, see now H. Brm. He had no male heir, and on his death there was not only antagonism between Arian Goths and Catholic Italians but also a rift within the ranks of the Ostrogoths, some of whom were violently anti-Byzantine. In 685, at the age of sixteen, Justinian II succeeded his father as sole emperor. Therefore, he launched vast military campaigns. Byzantine Empire: Justinian dynasty | Map and Timeline Story 517 Prologue 518 Reign of Justin I 519 Reparing Relations with Rome 521 Lazica submits to Byzantine rule 523 Kaleb of Askum invades Himyar 526 Earthquake 526 Iberian War 527 Reign of Justinian 529 Codex Justinianus 530 Battle of Dara 531 Battle of Callinicum 532 Nika riots 533 Vandal War These attacks from beyond the Danube did immense damage, and, although fortifications and defense works were built and strengthened in the Balkans and in Greece, the newcomers were neither effectively repulsed nor assimilated by the Byzantines. Some denominations translate the Julian calendar date to 27 November on the Gregorian calendar. Exploiting this, Justinian ordered all the forces in the East to invade Persian Armenia, but the 30,000-strong Byzantine force was defeated by a small force at Anglon. [23] As a result, Justinian was well educated in jurisprudence, theology, and Roman history. At the very beginning of his reign, he deemed it proper to promulgate by law the Church's belief in the Trinity and the Incarnation, and to threaten all heretics with the appropriate penalties,[77] whereas he subsequently declared that he intended to deprive all disturbers of orthodoxy of the opportunity for such offense by due process of law. Two important facets of Justinians foreign policy were his continuation of the age-old struggle with Persia and his attempt to regain the former Roman provinces in the West from the control of barbarian invaders. Justinian was a Christian emperor of the Roman Empire on the cusp between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. Now a mob, they appointed a new emperor. At the same time, the Slavs began migrating all the way down into Greece. The recovery of Africa cost the empire about 100,000 pounds of gold.[59]. [108] Rivalry with other, more established patrons from the Constantinopolitan and exiled Roman aristocracy might have enforced Justinian's building activities in the capital as a means of strengthening his dynasty's prestige. [29][26] He was crowned co-emperor on 1 April 527,[30][b] and became sole ruler after Justin's death on 1 August 527.[30]. With the full attention of the army, the Byzantines drove back the Slavs, expelled them from the empire, and then ravaged their lands beyond the Danube. The Great Schism of 1054 was a split between Catholics in western Europe and Christians in eastern Europe and Asia. most powerful. The Byzantines, after this decisive victory, were now easily able to hold the frontier on the Danube as it had been since the Roman Empire, as well as gain control over some minor territories in southern Dacia. After the death of the Emperor Anastasius, who had left no clear heir, there was much dispute as to who would become emperor. He would also carry a jewelled scepter, and might also don a jewel-encrusted crown. Justinian also rebuilt the Church of Hagia Sophia (which cost 20,000 pounds of gold),[83] the original site having been destroyed during the Nika riots. 89 ff., Greatrex (2005), p. 488 ff., and especially H. Brm, "Der Perserknig im Imperium Romanum", in, Procopius mentions this event both in the. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Justin, as an Orthodox, and John of Cappadocia, immediately set about repairing relations with Rome. He gave his support to Khosrow II[18] in Persia, and he succeeded in gaining the throne. 568 Lombards, a Germanic tribe, invade Italy The Codex Justinianus, or Code of Justinian, was a legal code. In 564, Justinian adopted the heresy of Aphthartodocetism and tried to impose it. King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrendered the next spring. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors, Reconstruction of column of Justinian in Constantinople, Annotated Justinian Code (University of Wyoming website), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justinian_I&oldid=1141950627, Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles, Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with disputed statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1 April 527 14 November 565 (alone from 1 August 527), This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 18:47. In the 6th century, the Byzantine armies of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I recovered Italy and other regions of the Western Mediterranean shore. [52] Justinian then tried to make alliance with the Axumites of Ethiopia and the Himyarites of Yemen against the Persians, but this failed. He was the head of the army, the highest political authority and the supreme legislator and judge. Maurice ascended the throne and received a bankrupt empire, and this financial state continued until beyond the end of his reign. The Popes reacted by severing ties with the Patriarch of Constantinople who supported these policies. [citation needed], In Justinian's reign, and partly under his patronage, Byzantine culture produced noteworthy historians, including Procopius and Agathias, and poets such as Paul the Silentiary and Romanus the Melodist flourished. As was the case under Justinian's predecessors, the Empire's economic health rested primarily on agriculture. Justinian had somewhat neglected the army in the East, and in 540 Khosrow moved into Mesopotamia, northern Syria, and Byzantine Armenia and systematically looted the key cities. Justinian rule the empire. Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem Fratres near Mons Calpe (later named Gibraltar) were recovered in the same campaign. The first one was the plague, which lasted from 541 to 543 and, by decimating the Empire's population, probably created a scarcity of labor and a rising of wages. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. His empire warred constantly with the Persians in the east and the barbarians in the north and west. Emperor Justinian. In 525, perhaps at the insistence of Justinian, Justin repealed a law which effectively forbade court officials from marrying people of low class. The country was so ravaged by war that any return to normal life proved impossible during Justinians lifetime, and only three years after his death part of the country was lost to the Lombard invaders. (2020, August 28). [53] When king Kavadh I of Persia died (September 531), Justinian concluded an "Eternal Peace" (which cost him 11,000 pounds of gold)[52] with his successor Khosrau I (532). Tribonian's code ensured the survival of Roman law. An unopposed landing was made in August, and by the following March (534) Belisarius had mastered the kingdom and received the submission of the Vandal ruler Gelimer. John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Prez-Perdomo. When Justinian came to the throne, his troops were fighting on the Euphrates River against the armies of the Persian king Kavadh (Qobd) I. [5] Monophysites and the Orthodox were in conflict over the dual natures of Christ. He eventually rose to the rank of secretary of the imperial bodyguard and in 577 was appointed commander in chief of the army. He received an excellent education, though it was said that he always spoke Greek with a bad accent. It consists of the Codex Justinianeus, the Digesta or Pandectae, the Institutiones, and the Novellae. While the crowd was rioting in the streets, Justinian considered fleeing the capital by sea, but eventually decided to stay, apparently on the prompting of his wife Theodora, who refused to leave. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Byzantine Empire Justinian I 527-565 AD Bronze Follis NGC VF Nicomedia Mint 543 at the best online prices at eBay! He hoped to come to terms with Justinian, but in 552 a powerful army was sent against him under the eunuch commander Narses. [72] The heavy taxes that the administration imposed upon Italian population were deeply resented. Justinian had the city rebuilt, but on a slightly smaller scale. View More In the Byzantine Empire, the Emperor is the supreme ruler, looked at as a god. Despite these extensive military victories, Maurice was unpopular within the borders of the empire because he always had an empty treasury and often had to reduce payments to his soldiers. The final victory in Italy and the conquest of Africa and the coast of southern Hispania significantly enlarged the area of Byzantine influence and eliminated all naval threats to the empire, which in 555 reached its territorial zenith. They landed at Caput Vada (modern Ras Kaboudia) in modern Tunisia. The Byzantine Empire! "[56], An African prefecture, centered in Carthage, was established in April 534,[57] but it would teeter on the brink of collapse during the next 15 years, amidst warfare with the Moors and military mutinies. On the northern frontier in the Balkans the Roman provinces faced continual attacks from barbarian raiders. In the West, Justinian considered it his duty to regain provinces lost to the empire through indolence, and he could not ignore the trials of Catholics living under the rule of Arians (Christian heretics) in Italy and in North Africa. Belisarius could make no headway without adequate reinforcements, and in 549 he was recalled to Constantinople. In 552, Justinian dispatched a force of 2,000 men; according to the historian Jordanes, this army was led by the octogenarian Liberius. He is depicted as a jealous and conniving Emperor obsessed with creating and maintaining his own historical legacy. After Justinian's reconquest and extensive rebuilding programs, the empire's treasury was left empty. Justinian's ambition to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory was only partly realized. In the course of his reign, Justinian, who had a genuine interest in matters of theology, authored a small number of theological treatises. The Sasanian Empire, likewise, resumed hostilities with the Byzantines, and the Iberian War began in the east; which would not reach its conclusion until the reign of Justinian. [116], At the start of Justinian I's reign he had inherited a surplus 28,800,000 solidi (400,000 pounds of gold) in the imperial treasury from Anastasius I and Justin I. [99] Justinian also interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue[100] and encouraged the Jews to use the Greek Septuagint in their synagogues in Constantinople. [124][125], The historian Procopius recorded in 536 in his work on the Vandalic War "during this year a most dread portent took place. Justinian I was an emperor of the Byzantine Empire who reigned from 527-565. Although he never personally took part in military campaigns, he boasted of his successes in the prefaces to his laws and had them commemorated in art. The area was not completely pacified until 548,[58] but remained peaceful thereafter and enjoyed a measure of prosperity. [128][129], In July 551, the eastern Mediterranean was rocked by the 551 Beirut earthquake, which triggered a tsunami. 4.42g, 20mm Helmeted bust of Justinian facing, holding a globus cruciger "DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG" Victory standing, facing, holding a long cross surmounted by "P" and a globus cruciger. In Italy, dynastic squabbles amongst the ruling Ostrogoths gave Justinian an opportunity to invade, and in 535 he sent Belisarius to Sicily with 7,500 men. To help legitimize his rule, Tsar Ivan III claimed that Russia was the "Third Rome." Historically, this claim was reason Justin reversed this trend and confirmed the Chalcedonian doctrine, openly condemning the Monophysites. The treaty was on the whole favourable to the Byzantines, who lost no territory and whose suzerainty over the key district of Lazica (Colchis, in Asia Minor) was recognized by Persia. Monophysite doctrine, which maintains that Jesus Christ had one divine nature rather than a synthesis of divine and human nature, had been condemned as a heresy by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and the tolerant policies towards Monophysitism of Zeno and Anastasius I had been a source of tension in the relationship with the bishops of Rome. Belisarius rounded up his remaining men and broke the disorganized mass of Vandals. In his last years, conflict increased around the Empire. [9], He then set about satisfying his dream to rebuild the Roman Empire. 364 ff., and Moorhead (1994). However improbable it may seem, this event was born of extreme sports fanaticism and corruption. Even now, it is universally acknowledged as one of the greatest buildings in the world. The extreme weather events of 535536 led to a famine such as had not been recorded before, affecting both Europe and the Middle East. Procopius relates that 30,000[46] unarmed civilians were killed in the Hippodrome. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. This impasse of sorts led to Justinian negotiating the "Perpetual Peace" in 532 in which he agreed to pay 11,000 pounds of gold in return for a cease in hostilities and the defense of several mountain passes. He reinforced Ravenna, and his generals found success against the Persians in battles in Armenia and against the Berbers in North Africa. In the face of considerable opposition from his generals and ministers, Justinian launched his attack on North Africa to aid Hilderich in June 533. Go to lot . In order to protect the manufacture of silk products, Justinian granted a monopoly to the imperial factories in 541. 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