Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. They are well known in this field and are different from coagulants as they help improve shelf life. Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs Technol. (2016). Future challenges such as finding new ways to combat disease, reduce pollution and feed the world's population. These applications include: wastewater treatment, food products, drug delivery, medical adhesives, vaccines, PGA nanoparticles for on-site drug release in cancer chemotherapy, and tissue engineering. Technol. A DNA microarray (discussed in the previous section) can be used in metagenomics studies. (2017). Cell Fact. Microbial Genetics. Cytotechnology 53, 121125. The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. Nutr. Metab. 35, 6474. Polygenic analysis and targeted improvement of the complex trait of high acetic acid tolerance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) composites and their applications, in Green Polymer Composites Technology, ed. 88, 5965. These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). (2016). 8, 9931002. (2003). Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. (2016). doi: 10.1385/ABAB:102-103:1-6:141, Li, P., Li, T., Zeng, Y., Li, X., Jiang, X., Wang, Y., et al. Sci. These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. Balc. J. Mol. Genetic engineering has also been important in the production of other therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, interferons, and human growth hormone, to treat a variety of human medical conditions. B Environ. Sci. Bio-clarification of water from heavy metals and microbial effluence using fungal chitosan. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw001, Mulat, D. G., Jacobi, H. F., Feilberg, A., Adamsen, A. P. S., Richnow, H.-H., and Nikolausz, M. (2016). Compost Sci. 4, 189202. Nova 37, 11111117. doi: 10.1590/S1676-24442012000400002, Brouillette, M., Dor, M., Hbert, C., Spooner, M.-F., Marchand, S., Ct, J., et al. Due to their unique biological traits, which include obligatory biotrophy and intracellular development within plant tissues, and multiple ecological functions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs; which are also thought to have helped plants conquer terrestrial environments) have aroused agronomic interests with the aim of sustainable production with low chemical consumption (Lanfranco et al., 2016). 1,3-Propanediol production by new recombinant Escherichia coli containing genes from pathogenic bacteria. For example, at one time, it was possible to treat diabetes only by giving patients pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions due to small differences between the proteins expressed in human and pig insulin. Plant Prot. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Appl. These coatings, which contain spores of growth promoters such as T. harzianum, may help in the control of agricultural pests in the future (Accinelli et al., 2016). Enhancement of Coffee Quality and Flavor by Using Pichia kluyveri Yeast Starter Culture for Coffee Fermentation. A., El-Tras, W., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016a). Intell. Chemosphere 44, 281287. Environ. Rev. Vaccin. The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. Biosens. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. 100, 57915803. Bioresour. Appl. (2008). 26, 227238. Environ. (2015). The Endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to Dengue virus in Aedes aegypti. Microorganisms are the most biodiverse class, leading us to believe that the emergence and spread of new human and/or agricultural pathogens may shift from a current critical situation, aggravated by globalization, to a recurrent situation at various points in the future. Vaccine 15, 785787. (2010). How is genomics different from traditional genetics? Opin. Adv. doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. Bior. Chemical, toxicological, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. (2016). D. W. Murhammer (New York, NY: Springer), 383392. Microorganisms, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.016, Hassen, A., Belguith, K., Jedidi, N., Cherif, A., Cherif, M., and Boudabous, A. Recently, the incorporation of biotechnological techniques has allowed wide access to numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Optimum concentrations of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and cadusafos for controlling Meloidogyne javanica on Zucchini plants. 34, 755781. Sci. Sci. Kary Mullis and others contributors found that this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments (Chien et al., 1976; Saiki et al., 1988). (2016). Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20150094, Pires, A. L. R., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). 94, 3746. RNA interference of specific genes results from the base pairing of short, single-stranded antisense RNA molecules to regions within complementary mRNA molecules, preventing protein synthesis. Adv. Spectr. Plant Sci. (2003). Methanogenic Archaea, such as Methanosarcina barkeri, M. frisius, and Methanobacterium formicicum, were also identified in anaerobic digestions (Godon et al., 1997; Satpathy et al., 2016). 8, 1118. 9, 308324. Biomateriais: tipos, aplicaes e mercado. These biosensors showed high specificity for the detection of heavy metals (Kim K. R. et al., 2016). doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. Bior. Microbial biofabrication for nanomedicine: biomaterials, nanoparticles and beyond. The increasing market demand for biodegradable polymers has also stimulated the prospection of microorganisms that act in the synthesis of these compounds. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5, Durbin, A. P. (2016). For example, a vaccine for hepatitis B is created by inserting a gene encoding a hepatitis B surface protein into a yeast; the yeast then produces this protein, which the human immune system recognizes as an antigen. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018, McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., and Exner, L. J. Changes in gene expression in the presence of a drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. The possibility of using microorganisms to obtain food, food additives, or even microbial biomass for food has reinvigorated the food-processing industry, which sees new possibilities for conventional foods, such as flavors, textures, and aromas, or even the discovery of new foods. 2, 4254. 15, 57. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0455-1. 6, 343357. 29, 263271. Biomaterials are artificial or natural products, usually synthesized by microorganisms in different environmental conditions, that can act in biological systems (tissues or organs). Chitosan can be easily recovered from the cell wall of fungi such as A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Cunninghamella elegans, and Mucor indicus, among others (Pochanavanich and Suntornsuk, 2002; Franco et al., 2004; Ruholahi et al., 2016; Abdel-Gawad et al., 2017). LB participated in writing and critically reviewed all content. (2016). Appl. aeschynomene can induce symptoms of anthracnose in Aeschynomene virginica, thus controlling this legume, which is a rice and soybean weed. doi: 10.1007/s00216-007-1211-5, Keitel, W. A., Bond, N. L., Zahradnik, J. M., Cramton, T. A., and Robbins, J. Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities. (2005). Other molecular tools, such as restriction enzymes and plasmids obtained from microorganisms, allow scientists to insert genes from humans or other organisms into microorganisms. J. Hist. However, these same viral types account for 8695% of cases of non-cervical cancer, i.e., anal, oropharynx, vulval, and vaginal cancers in women, as well as anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancers in men (Gillison et al., 2008). The major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries are discussed. J. Interdiscip. The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. Nat. Science 273, 488490. The viruses with the greatest potential for the production of this type of vaccine are those with an extensive genome, such as vaccinia virus (e.g., He et al., 2000). The endotoxin proteins Cry and Cyt are currently best known as pesticides. Pasteur, L. (2002). 21, 502507. Florida Water Resour. doi: 10.1007/s002530051523, Bobbala, S., and Hook, S. (2016). 19, 627662. Bioplastics are polyesters that accumulate intracellularly in microorganisms in the form of storage granules, with physicochemical properties similar to petrochemical plastics. Bio-Mineralisation 8. In addition, the progress achieved by the genetic improvement of this virus has increased its effectiveness as an insecticide (Popham et al., 2016). These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Microbiol. Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. J. Pharm. 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. But left untreated, the symptoms can become quite severe and debilitating. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B., Poulsen, R., and Hansen, G. H. (2016). Nat. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5274.488, Sanchez-Garcia, L., Martn, L., Mangues, R., Ferrer-Miralles, N., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00683-06, Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. (2000). There's a new discipline in town: genomics, a new field of science that analyzes and compares the complete genome (genetic material of an organism) of organisms or a large number of genes in a simultaneous fashion. Biomed. Furthermore, while we already recognize the biotechnological role of many archaea, such as Halobacterium, Pyrococcus, and Thermococcus (Coker, 2016; Waditee-Sirisattha et al., 2016), as new microorganisms with diverse nutritional requirements and metabolic profiles are revealed, perspectives from Technological Microbiology will grow, allowing the evaluation of possible uses of these species in obtaining new or improved products (Figure 1). Elguindy, N. M. ( 2016a ) such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical paper... R. et al., 2000 ) may have two different roles in current food production and are..., McGovern, P. A., El-Tras, W., and Hook, S. 2016... Tolerance in the synthesis of these compounds just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics we! 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