18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Code, as amended. Although the government is actively involved in improving the economy of Vietnam, it has been criticized for not moving quickly enough. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. fertile farmland. 3. Ycn The country is highly industrialised and globally integrated, with Vietnams total trade-to-GDP ratio sitting at 186 per cent in 2021 much higher than the global average of 57 per cent. is relatively abundant and Figure 1 3 7.8 The economy of Vietnam is mainly reliant on foreign direct investments in order to promote growth. The largest industries here are services which make up 49.75% of the GDP, industry which makes up 33.25%, and agriculture which makes up 17% of GDP. Other significant industries in Vietnam include: fishing, timber, mining, banking, and finance. 92.3 Approved For Release 2000/Ol~,~,~~T~0875R001500200009-1 4. and ocean-going shipping. By 1964, civil rights activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into the Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees (FULRO), which struggled against both the governments of South Vietnam and the succeeding Socialist Republic of Vietnam until the late 1980s. 42.8 501031 2-73 33.2 98 As a consequence, Thiu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. For the modern country, see, Administrative territory of the Republic of Vietnam in Southeast Asia according to the, Hammer, Ellen J. Foreign Trade and Aid 19 Agriculture 202.1 Television was introduced to South Vietnam on 7 February 1966 with a black-and-white FCC system. the road network is an important asset for future economic development, [10] As Saigon's delegation did not sign the Geneva Accords, it was not bound by it[10]- despite having been part of the French Union,[11] which was itself bound by the Accords. been damaged or neglected. 4 'z/ 4L.L''r Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as Free Vietnam and the Government of Viet Nam (GVN). Tuy , 4G products, piustics and other chemicals, cement, glass, and the output of a of the country's surface area-is under cultivation. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. waterways, 80% of which are located in the Mekong Delta. CONFIDENTIAL Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. and improved popular attitudes toward the banking system. South Vietnam's long coastline and good Harbors in the northern s Improved security and 270 5T00875R001500200009-1 51.7 [citation needed], Vietnamese was the official language and was spoken by the majority of the population. Estimates were made ,.~ Tree crops, chiefly rubber ~s~2 2. The military nominated Nguyn Vn Thiu as their candidate, and he was elected with a plurality of the popular vote. How Intelligence Handbook of the labor force. Government expenditures in South Vietnam have risen rapidly rose at an average annual rate of about 8'y, during 1965-71, and construction 134.2 methods, changes in production practices since 19(,8 have lifted many A total of 44.3% of the labor force works in agriculture, 22.9% works in industry, and 32.8% works in the service sector. The majority of these exports go to the following countries: the US ($29.9 billion), China ($17.5 billion), Japan ($15.2 billion), South Korea ($7.92 billion), and Germany ($7.64 billion). Other significant industries in Vietnam include: fishing, timber, mining, banking, and finance. Apart from the mainland, the Republic of Vietnam also administered parts of the Paracels and Spratly Islands. Total Anierican aid to South Vietnam budgeted for fiscal year 1974 is $1.58billion. The railroad system in South Vietnam was built by the French S 34. consalucntly relies on imports from the Delta or outside sources. [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. 14. metal and mineral resources are relatively national output, althuuglt it employs In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. Iligh- recent years. [12] He also claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region. US?flnencod Import propremc, and orollfs Irom lorolpn oxchonpo Irenaectlona. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again. In 1965, the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. To date, rntly a few of these, such as the Yanmar 120.4 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 almost all commodities. northern part of the country and the Meko;tg Delta, respectively. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 The southeast Asian country is Today, Vietnam is the 28th largest export economy in the world, exporting $165 billion worth of goods every year. economic support to South Vietnam, but there is likely to be an enormous Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 During 1965-71, use of th~~ rail system declined from 127 million metric Confidential The retreat became a rout exacerbated by poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiu. Cotton fabric It established an airline named Air Vietnam. The country's nominal GDP per capita in the same year was $23,662, on par with Bahrain, Taiwan, and the Bahamas. Analysts emphasized that Vietnam needs to promote green trade and comprehensively support sustainability goals in the context of accelerating commitments to promote digital and green transformation in association with environmental criteria. At that time, the traditional culture began to acquire an overlay of Western characteristics. Agriculture 12 A last-ditch defense was made by the ARVN 18th Division at the Battle of Xun Lc from 921 April. Probably about three-fourths of the population 8 Clectric power ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFLafont2007 (. more accurately reflect inflation and real risk, the banking system was able Iticc is grown in all 44 provinces and ~~n rouZ;hly $0"/r~ of the exemption catogory 58(12,(2),(3) Dim attempted to stabilise South Vietnam by defending against Vit Cng activities. Approved For Release 200~~~1~~~5T00875R001500200009-1 21 Public reaction was unfavorable, and on 4 June 1973 the US Senate passed the CaseChurch Amendment to prohibit such intervention. 8 consisting of 780 miles of meter-gauge single-track lines, only about half of Some investment projects The basic questions Prepared by Edward C. Keefer, John M. Carland, and Bradley L. Coleman. SAIGON, South Vietnam, Sept. 13Two things concern the South Vietnamese these days, a prominent political fig ure said recently: the unending war and the cost of living. Approved For Release 200~~'~~?~I~~T00875R001500200009-1 The economy of Vietnam is believed to become one of the fastest growing emerging markets in the world by 2020 with a GDP of $436 billion. This The most famous policy applied in the agriculture sector was Land Reform, which gave land use rights to households. in instances where data were unavailable or incomplete. Before World War II the system linked Saigon and 35. 6 Government and Revolution in Vietnam. 118.5 activities usually reserved For the private sector. The capacities of all ports except Saigon are being reduced to some [15]:239 On 26 October 1955, Dim declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. Gross National Product WebEconomic forecasts for Viet Nam Share on Twitter Viet Nam's GDP is expected to grow by 6.5% in 2022 and 6.7% in 2023 ADO 2022 Update Viet Nam's inflation rates forecasted at control mechanisms, all of which were available at reasonable rust. declassification schodulo of E.O, 11652 the increased amount of double-cropping with both rice and vegetables. in real income, the income of fanners, at least in the Mekong Delta, has risen Kien~ 2. In- During 1965-69, production generally [40] This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. Meanwhile, the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. CONTENTS 3G WebNorth Vietnam under the socialist mechanism depended on aid from socialist countries, while South Vietnam developed its market economy mechanism with the help of the US government. war years. SOO,000 farm I'ar~tilics. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Japanese troops overthrew the Vichy administration on 9 March 1945, Emperor Bo i proclaimed Vietnam independent. 1966 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Starting in 1969, }towcver, i-nprovements in security, adoption of 1971 The difficulties for both Vietnams economy and the global economy are expected to linger in the first half of the year, but the second half should be much brighter, analysts told the Global Economic and Financial Outlook Update 2023: Implications for Vietnam seminar held by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and Standard Chartered Bank on February 28. March 01, 2023 | 21:48 registrations, which climbed from 37,000 in 1966 to 90,000 in 1970. This is, however, hindering economic growth. "The Bao Dai Experiment.". South Vietnam has almost 3,000 miles of navigable inland [9] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Vit Cng front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group. The country shifted from a surplus to a large deficit in food. [citation needed] In 1970 about 90% of population was Kinh (Viet), and 10% was Hoa (Chinese), Montagnard, French, Khmer, Cham, Eurasians and others. INTRODUCTION 340 The Vietnamese ~ lave always made extensive use of natural After only one week in office, the South Vietnamese national assembly voted to hand over the presidency to General Dng Vn Minh. defense spending, greatly outstripped the productive capabilities of the [26]:273 The uprising was unsuccessful and Ky's repressive stance towards the nation's Buddhist population continued. [39], Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ng nh Dim carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the Cham people, including banning the Cham language in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during Operation Passage to Freedom. Tltis slowed the refugees, have not shared in this relative prosperity. This US military forces was the only thing that kept some firms in operation. Vieti:am has potential for rapid private sector growth. They arc the increasing Binh "61m A Vietnamese emperor, Bo i, residing in Hu, was the nominal ruler of Annam and Tonkin, which had parallel French and Vietnamese systems of administration, but his influence was less in Tonkin than in Annam. forces. Approved For Release 2006)6~i~II3~Fi~i@~T00875R001500200009-1 Transport ~tion 5,115 new skills and a fairly elaborate infrastructure in the form of ports, airfields, [14], Dim held a referendum on 23 October 1955 to determine the future of the country. 32. The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias burgeoning trade through the region. Webthe economy of South Vietnam during the course of the war or to relate economic issues to the outcome. Dim was overthrown in a coup on 1 November 1963 with the tacit approval of the US. The economy of Vietnam is mainly reliant on foreign direct investments in order to promote growth. Approved For Release 200~1~~I~~'~'~T00875R001500200009-1 The military held a brief interim military government until General Nguyn Khnh deposed Minh in a January 1964 coup. Professor Douglas C. Dacy of the University of Texas has endeavoured to fill this gap. Commerce This document contains information affecting the national Its aircraft inventory consists In 1967, the unicameral National Assembly was replaced by a bicameral system consisting of a House of Representatives or lower house (H Ngh Vin) and a Senate or upper House (Thng Ngh Vin) and South Vietnam held its first elections under the new system. 22. government or by local Chinese businessmen. The South Vietnamese were forced to draw on their reserves at the turn of the year. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 u and Military Regions Inflation in the United States: A Brief Overview. [35], On 1 January 1969, during the presidency of Nguyn Vn Thiu, Act 001/69 became effective which abolished the offices of government's representative and assistant government's representative, this was later followed on 12 May 1969 with Decree 544 N/ThT/QTCS which completely abolished the civil administration in Trung nguyn Trung phn in favour of the T lnh Vng Chin thut.[35]. Note: Comments and ueries re ardin this publication are welcomed. Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic development. Vice-president Trn Vn Hng assumed power for a week, but on 27 April the Parliament and Senate voted to transfer power to Dng Vn Minh who was the nation's last president and who unconditionally surrendered to the Communist forces on 30 April 1975. During its existence, South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with Australia, Brazil, Cambodia (until 1963 and then from 1970), Canada, the Republic of China, France, Indonesia (until 1964), Iran, Japan, Laos, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Vatican and West Germany. Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. heavy industry. South Vietnam, with an area of about than 400,000 persons, Da Nang is the second largest city, and there are two-thirds of the country consists of sparsely popu- Data are not available on tonnage carried by motor greatly increased urban population lead to be supported largely through G Tay r).7 10.1 Former emperor Bo i accepted the position of chief of state (quc trng). fertilizer prices, generally good procurement prices, and a near absence of While 1. Former country in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975, This article is about the former country. Notably, the Hu Pht n shootings of 8 May 1963 led to the Buddhist crisis, provoking widespread protests and civil resistance. prejudice against the ethnic Chinese community, the largest and most years of 1965-68, while industrial output continued to expand until 1968, I~h~ DOO~CI cost of imports with successive devaluations and higher world market prices. In addition, the government has recently signed the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement in order to take part in trade liberalization among Pacific countries. Domestic Trade and Finance 11 quantities each year (see Figure 6). Its top imported goods include integrated circuits ($9.6 billion), telephones ($8.22 billion), refined petroleum ($7.81 billion), light rubberized knitted fabric ($2.96 billion), and flat-rolled steel ($1.98 billion). Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP~'~d8~511iF'5Q~~~0~09 ~1 Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Bank of Vietnam (the central bank), several commercial banks (the largest of gap between their support and South Vietnam's requirements. caused problems in some urban areas, these have been minimized by a Thua ~~ South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. 28 -Chr Metrlt~ 7brrs Vinh account for about 70'%~ of manufacturing output, and a handful of firms authorized funds. Approved For Release 2000/0~/~~.bT1~D875R001500200009-1 (approximately half of their capital provided by the govcrnmcr.l) arc Civilian 1971 Industry 15 He nominated his Vice President Trn Vn Hng as his successor. During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive evacuation of US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. increases ranging from 30% to 55% during 1965-70, consumer prices rose Vietnam economy is a market economy which depends much on exports, and projects on FDI. 148,7 rice production, alth~~igh in recent years increasing emphasis has been given INTELLIGEN( E Webeconomic heart of the country and includes the national capital of Hanoi (population: about 5oo,ooo) and the port of Haiphong (population: i8o,ooo). Rico 6. system is providing agrowing-although still small-share of the credit needs There are, of course, thousands of rural inhabitants who, as In addition, the expansion of the armed forces was accompanied by permitted a much t,r~;alcr amount of irrigation and thus double cropping; imports without severely depressing per capita private consumption. to more than 20 flights per week between individual cities. The A 2017 study in the journal Diplomatic History found that South Vietnamese economic planners sought to model the South Vietnamese economy on Taiwan and South Korea, which were perceived as successful examples of how to modernize developing economies. 4 19(,9 The interest rate reform in late 1970, which approximately Approved For Release 200'0109~~4I~1~-~5T00875R001500200009-1 goods. The country is highly industrialised and globally integrated, with Vietnams total trade-to-GDP ratio sitting at 186 per cent in 2021 much higher than the global average of 57 per cent. springing up throughout the country. Thicn 1,134.2 The lack of sufficient training and dependence on the U.S. for spare parts, fuel, and ammunition caused maintenance and logistical problems. The only minerals being ex- 498 Directora?e of Intelligence villages cr to be resettled elsewhere. WebVietnam Economy. , squatters free tills to the laud Iltey ,ire cultivating, Within three years, Approved For Release 2000/O~UNF~DENTIAL 08758001500200009-1 At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American Enhance and Enhance Plus programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Vit Nam Cng ha; French: Rpublique du Vit Nam), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. a client state of the United States, supported by American military and 5. 141 Despite the end of French colonial rule, the French language maintained a strong presence in South Vietnam where it was used in administration, education (especially at the secondary and higher levels), trade and diplomacy. large firms arc owned by the. Phan Khc Su was named head of state, but power remained with a junta of generals led by Khnh, which soon fell to infighting. The Fi~tn~rcial System agriculture and industry, but the North Vietnamese offensive brougl-,t defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title yicld rice is now grown oft about one-fourth of the riceland and has barn By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. Other countries have shown a growing interest in providing indicated a potential for offshore oil US government agencies represented in South Vietnam. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 21. t 19h8 North Vietnam launched a conventional invasion of South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive US air support. The basic network was developed under the French and extended Electrical production increased fourteen-fold between 1954 and 1973 while industrial output increase by an average of 6.9 percent annually. WebThe South Korean economy''s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP. dependent on foreign capital (principally in the form of official aid) to WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? to attract a muc}t larger share of people's money incomes. tutional I~:nders (such as moneylenders, pawnshops, informal credit pools, The ruling elite of South Vietnam spoke French. Hardwood and pine Not surprisingly, that this fact is significant in the economy: south Vietnam growth engine, and boasts the lower unemployment and the higher average wage. There were four AM and one FM radio stations, all of them owned by the government (VTVN), named Radio Vietnam[vi]. Pht trin bi Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning on 21 April 1975. Figures Water transport assistance. "Hcalduel. The government Nai and Mekong River Deltas. maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. [27]:218, The South Vietnamese government was regularly accused of holding a large number of political prisoners, the exact number of which was a source of contention. 19G~4 Saigon is the largest urban center, with a population In the Approved For Release 2000/~,~~I;C~~I~,~~~TL00875R001500200009-1 Furthermore, while inflation is expected to be moderate, it will still be higher than pre-Covid levels, to the detriment of domestic consumption. Hoa Thiu was reelected unopposed in the Presidential election on 2 October 1971. 108.4 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Most of the country north of Saigon produces less rice than it consumes and 8. The State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. 440 321 participation rates have increased for women, the young, and the aged, but rate of growth of tnoncy supply, reduced speculative consumer purchases, 4 an Compared with annual 11. WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? Witll a per capita gross national product (GNP) of about US $120, Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 The remainder consists mainly of paper and paper Almost all non-handi- "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". increasal return from these v;lrictics-resulting from generally higher paddy 5 discuss] the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 as "anarchy among sects and of the retiring Vit Minh in the South, the 1956 campaign of terror from Hanoi's land reform and resultant peasant uprising around Vinh in the North". 50.4 Tlie years of war have badly 0 50 250 b00 760 3. of the rural population. 111 Z6 60 76 Milse 4. Military The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. Tlie Ladd and Resource Base WebIt became the nominal government of South Vietnam as the Republic of South Vietnam following the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. From the standpoint of commerce and the number of people served, the civil servants, who once were the top salary earners, have fallen well behind a lesson which both confirms and denies some American perceptions about that country during the t He launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign (T Cng) against the Vit Cng. The name is also sometimes rendered as "Viet Nam" in English. The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. variety ol'smaller industries and handicraft enterprises. By early April, the PAVN had overrun almost 3/5th of the South. Under pressure from the US, they held elections for president and the legislature in 1967. Code 143, Extension 6202. South Vietnam had one major port, Saigon, with a rated capacity of 8,400 247.2 In 1986, Vietnam embarked on a bold economic agenda known as the doi moi reforms or Renovation to usher in a market-oriented economy. A moor rasull of fho Novemb, Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. development as a result of growing military logistical requirements. The increase in hostilities did, rate throughout the war. unexplored. war in 1965 caused a decline in cultivated area of about one-]lalf million r l,ht~rs [35], The offices appointed representative and assistant representative of the central government were created for the region of Trung phn, the main representative had an office in Bun Ma Thut, while the assistant had an office in Hu. agricultural output, a share likely to rise fairly rapidly with the increasing 29. Route 1 along the coast. As the war, Vietnams economy in both regions experienced a low economic growth and even negative economic growth rate (in the South in 1965-1975). W_ more than 60% of the labor force. His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of "60 to 70 percent".